En la actualidad es de suma importancia tener habilidades digitales y acceso a dispositivos tecnológicos para seguir aprendiendo. El presente estudio analiza la percepción de exclusión digital por estudiantes inscritos en un programa de posgrado en línea. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes cuentan con acceso a dispositivos digitales e Internet, y que la percepción de exclusión es mayormente por la falta de competencias digitales. Los sujetos de estudio que no se sienten excluidos consideran la existencia de una brecha escolar, (...) debido a su mayor uso y conocimiento de herramientas digitales con respecto a la aplicación que hace la institución. (shrink)

The development and use of large and dynamic health data repositories designed to support research pose challenges to traditional informed consent models. We used semi-structured interviewing to elicit diverse research stakeholders' views of a model of consent appropriate to participation in initiatives that entail collection, long-term storage, and undetermined future research use of multiple types of health data. We demonstrate that, when considering health data repositories, research stakeholders replace a concept of consent as informed with one in which consent is (...) engaged. In engaged consent, a participant's ongoing relationship with a repository serves as a substitute or adjunct to information exchange at enrollment. We detail research stakeholders' views of the risks of engaged consent and suggest questions for further study about engagement and consent procedures in initiatives that aim to store data for future unspecified research purposes. (shrink)

This article addresses the feeling of strangeness about the perception of time that many people with ordinary lifestyles experienced during the quarantine imposed to fight the presence of COVID-19. It describes different aspects of psychological time affected by the interruption of a normal routine and suggests some cognitive mechanisms, attention, and memory that might have been at play, leading to perceive time as being more or less long. The article also describes the critical role of anxiety and temporal uncertainty and (...) how they may affect the functioning of an internal clock and reminds the reader that there are individual differences in time-related aspects of the personality that contribute to the variety of impressions about duration experienced during the quarantine. (shrink)

El presente artículo defiende que las nociones de epojé y de modificación de neutralidad, a pesar de su aparente semejanza, deben mantenerse radicalmente diferenciadas. La razón de fondo es que ambas surgen en el seno de operaciones de la conciencia que son metodológica y jerárquicamente distintas. Para tal efecto, haré una descripción de sus funciones y estructura, de modo que se hagan visibles tanto sus respectivas esferas de aplicación como el alcance operativo de sus procedimientos.

CONTENIDO: Semántica interpretativa - El aguijón semántico - Interpretación constructiva - Invención, interpretación y Holismo - Derecho como integridad - Desacuerdos teóricos sobre el derecho - Derecho como integridad - Desacuerdos teóricos sobre el derecho - Derecho como integridad - Respuestas correctas - En busca de los fundamentos - Los límites del domino - Filosofía "no-arquimidea"--Holismo semántico - ¿No hay salida sin sacrificio para Dworkin?

Abstract:“Colonial Connections” explores historical connections and patterns between Iberian and British colonialism that have been ignored by conventional anti-Eurocentric and postcolonial narratives. At issue are the erasure of inter-imperial linkages and the omission of the Iberian empires of Spain and Portugal and the colonization Abya Yala/Latin America as well as the importance that Iberian colonialism and indigenous civilizations had in the shaping of the modern world such as capitalism, racism and the coloniality of gender. The article provides a brief examination (...) of anti-Eurocentric literature that rescues Asia, foremost China, from the dustbin of history while ignoring the importance of Iberian colonialism in the fall of China and the role that indigenous and African slave labor played in the development of capitalism and the triumph of the West. It also explores the artificial separation between Iberian and British colonialism that minimizes the role of religion in British colonialism and the commonalities that emerge once religion is accounted for. Finally, the article addresses the coloniality of democracy or the expulsion of the colony from the polity that emerges from conquest and the dehumanization of indigenous women and men of Abya Yala and notes the unevenness and divergences that surface when British and Iberian colonialisms are compared. (shrink)

Esta contribución examina la solución al problema mente-cuerpo que Kant formula en el marco de su primera explicación causal. Se analiza tanto el planteamiento metafísico como la solución interaccionista de Kant a este problema en su obra sobre las “fuerzas vivas” y, mediante orientaciones metodológicas de la historia intelectual, se contrastan con los planteamientos y soluciones de dos pensadores que influyeron en la formación del pensamiento kantiano: Marquardt y Knutzen, exponentes de algunas de las principales doctrinas causales de la época (...) como la de la armonía preestablecida y el influjo físico. En un sentido, la solución kantiana se plantea como una vía intermedia entre estas dos doctrinas y, en otro, como una postura crítica frente a ambas. (shrink)

Estableciendo las bases de su primera síntesis precrítica, Kant presenta en la Nova dilucidatio los principios de sucesión y de coexistencia, que, además de hacer posible un conocimiento metafísico de la naturaleza, pretendían ser útiles para la ciencia natural. Ambos son derivados del principio de razón determinante, formulado en el marco de una crítica a Wolff. Estos principios establecen que el mundo está constituido por la totalidad de las substancias conformada por una red dinámica de interconexiones causales, cuyo fundamento último (...) es el esquema relacional con el que el intelecto divino concibe al mundo. (shrink)

En su primera obra, Kant discute la posibilidad de que exista más de un universo. Partiendo del principio de que las substancias tienen una fuerza esencial para actuar fuera de sí y de que ellas se vinculan solo en el ejercicio de esta fuerza, Kant concluye que la totalidad de las substancias vinculadas entre sí conforma un universo. Sin embargo, es perfectamente posible que una substancia exista sin estar vinculada con las substancias de un determinado universo, no formando parte de (...) él, y que lo esté con otras substancias ajenas, conformando con ellas un universo aparte. Pero la posibilidad de múltiples universos requiere que haya espacios de distinta naturaleza o dimensionalidad para que tales universos se mantengan inconexos y sean realmente distintos universos y no partes distantes de un mismo universo. Esto sucede así porque la naturaleza del espacio depende específicamente de la fuerza con la que interactúan las substancias. (shrink)

El presente artículo es un conjunto de notas para discutir el lugar de la violencia en el terreno de la política en torno a la obra de Slavoj Žižek. La hipótesis central se articula alrededor de la idea de violencia objetiva, que es inherente al estado normal de las cosas, que el autor desarrolla en su libro Sobre la violencia: Seis reflexiones marginales y que es puesta en discusión con lo que consideramos un interés tangencial por lo político en los (...) textos culturales de Sigmund Freud y la filosofía de Walter Benjamin en el libro Crítica de la violencia. (shrink)

En 1950, la escritora mexicana Rosario Castellanos presentó, en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, _Sobre cultura femenina_ como tesis para obtener el grado de maestría en filosofía. El documento es “una reflexión filosófica en torno a la marginalidad de la contribuciones literarias, artísticas y científicas de las mujeres de la cultura occidental”. Más tarde, la misma Castellanos confiesa que el lenguaje que más le resultaba accesible para expresar sus ideas no era el filosófico sino el literario, aquel en el (...) cual las ideas “se disfrazaban de metáforas”. Así, a lo largo de su obra literaria posterior, Castellanos volverá una y otra vez sobre las mismas preguntas que se plantea en _Sobre cultura femenina_. El presente trabajo, muestra distintas estrategias que la autora utiliza en su obra poética para continuar las reflexiones que plantea en su tesis de 1950. Para ello, se muestran distintas relaciones que tienen algunos momentos sobresalientes en su tesis con algunos de sus poemas tardíos. Palabras clave: Rosario Castellanos - Sobre cultura femenina - Poesía. (shrink)

Tomás de Aquino es considerado, con razón, uno de los mejores exponentes de la aplicación rigurosa del método escolástico, tanto en lo relativo a la forma disputativa (la quaestio) cuanto en la organización sistemática del material teórico. Pero la obra tomasiana incluye también sus importantes comentarios, sobre todo a Aristóteles, que forman parte de su producción filosófica y teológica. El método expositivo es, por lo tanto, bastante variado y merece un análisis específico. En esta comunicación se tomarán dos ejemplos de (...) sendos modos de su método de producción teórica: la summa y la expositio, visualizando la Summa contra Gentes y la Expositio in Octo Libros Physicorum Aristotelis. Se procura mostrar las líneas estructurales de dos formas diferentes y eventualmente complementarias: el modo derivativo y el modo analítico respectivamente, y de qué modo ambos se integran en el método disputativo. (shrink)

A tradição cristã, referindo-se a Jesus e aos apóstolos, desenvolveu um ponto de vista muito restrito quanto ao lucro advindo do dinheiro. Nos séculos XIlI e XIV, os religiosos que faziam votos de pobreza não só individual, mas também coletiva, defrontaram-se com teorias antigas em uma nova situação econômico-social e em seus tratados desenvolveram teses que diferiam do legado anterior.

Roberto Grosseteste foi dos primeiros medievais a propor uma verificação científica. No presente trabalho mostra-se que o método deste pensador medieval é mais amplo que o da simples verificação empírica. Para compreender tal método em toda a amplitude, torna-se necessário fazer uma exposição sistemática da teoria da verificação, em seu conjunto.

El propósito de este escrito es estudiar las investigaciones de Danilo Cruz Vélez sobre el nihilismo nietzscheano en relación con la metafísica. Para la consecución de este objetivo, se requieren parámetros para la comparación entre los trabajos y escritos del pensador colombiano con los estudios e investigaciones de Martin Heidegger, con el fin de establecer los nexos e influencias del pensador alemán en nuestro eximio filósofo colombiano. Lo anterior nos permite concluir, con la autoridad y el rigor de los textos (...) mismos, que las tesis de Cruz Vélez a este respecto no son más que la traducción del alemán al español de los estudios de Heidegger sobre Nietzsche, cosa que se produce como consecuencia de los seminarios impartidos por Heidegger en la universidad de Friburgo, a los cuales asistió Danilo Cruz Vélez en calidad de estudiante. (shrink)

Experiencing mixed emotions, a combination of two oppositely-valenced emotions, has been shown to reduce bias in decision making and improve the accuracy of judgements made. However, most previous...

Ernest Sosa's A Virtue Epistemology, Vol. I is arguably the single-most important monograph to be published in analytic epistemology in the last ten years. Sosa, the first in the field to employ the notion of intellectual virtue – in his ground-breaking ‘The Raft and the Pyramid’– is the leading proponent of reliabilist versions of virtue epistemology. In A Virtue Epistemology, he deftly defends an externalist account of animal knowledge as apt belief, argues for a distinction between animal and (...) reflective knowledge, contends that rational intuition is an intellectual virtue ; and offers responses to dream scepticism, the problem of the criterion and the value problem. Nearly all of these arguments are new, albeit consistent with Sosa's earlier work; that is, consistent with two notable exceptions. First, c ontra Sosa's ‘Replies’ in Ernest Sosa and His Critics, A Virtue Epistemology explicitly contends that safety is not required for animal knowledge. Second, unlike Sosa's Knowledge in Perspective, which arguably construes the intellectual virtues as merely instrumentally valuable, A Virtue Epistemology explicitly contends that the intellectual virtues are instrumentally and constitutively valuable. Best read in conjunction with the above monographs and Epistemic Justification, A Virtue Epistemology is mandatory reading for epistemologists and graduate students in the field. It will rightly set the standard for debates in analytic epistemology for years to come.I will summarize and raise objections to two key conclusions that are unique to A Virtue Epistemology: the ‘kaleidoscope-perceiver’ has animal knowledge but lacks reflective knowledge; unlike the k-perceiver, the ordinary perceiver has reflective knowledge. My objections …. (shrink)

José Jorge Mendoza argues that the difficulty with resolving the issue of immigration is primarily a conflict over competing moral and political principles and is, at its core, a problem of philosophy. This book brings into dialogue various contemporary philosophical texts that deal with immigration to provide some normative guidance to immigration policy and reform.

Ever since Plato, philosophers have faced one central question: what is the scope and nature of human knowledge? In this volume the distinguished philosopher Ernest Sosa collects essays on this subject written over a period of twenty-five years. All the major topics of contemporary epistemology are covered: the nature of propositional knowledge; externalism versus internalism; foundationalism versus coherentism; and the problem of the criterion. 'Sosa is one of the most prominent and most important epistemologists on the current American (...) scene.' William P. Alston, Syracuse University. (shrink)

In this book, Ernest Sosa explains the nature of knowledge through an approach originated by him years ago, known as virtue epistemology. Here he provides the first comprehensive account of his views on epistemic normativity as a form of performance normativity on two levels. On a first level is found the normativity of the apt performance, whose success manifests the performer's competence. On a higher level is found the normativity of the meta-apt performance, which manifests not necessarily first-order skill (...) or competence but rather the reflective good judgment required for proper risk assessment. Sosa develops this bi-level account in multiple ways, by applying it to issues much disputed in recent epistemology: epistemic agency, how knowledge is normatively related to action, the knowledge norm of assertion, and the Meno problem as to how knowledge exceeds merely true belief. A full chapter is devoted to how experience should be understood if it is to figure in the epistemic competence that must be manifest in the truth of any belief apt enough to constitute knowledge. Another takes up the epistemology of testimony from the performance-theoretic perspective. Two other chapters are dedicated to comparisons with ostensibly rival views, such as classical internalist foundationalism, a knowledge-first view, and attributor contextualism. The book concludes with a defense of the epistemic circularity inherent in meta-aptness and thereby in the full aptness of knowing full well. (shrink)

Since at least the second half of the 19th century, the U.S. federal government has enjoyed “plenary power” over its immigration policy. Plenary power allows the federal government to regulate immigration free of judicial review and thereby, with regard to immigration cases, minimize the Constitutional protections afforded to non-citizens. The justification for granting the U.S federal government such broad powers comes from a certain understanding of sovereignty; one where limiting sovereign authority in cases like immigration could potentially undermine its legitimacy (...) and thereby lead to something like a Hobbesian “state of nature.” One of the potential downsides of allowing the federal government to have such broad powers, however, is the potential to place non-citizens in a situation analogous to what Giorgio Agamben has called the “state of exception.” This situation appears to leave us with the following dichotomy: without something like the plenary power doctrine a political community will end up with a state of nature, but with something like the plenary power doctrine they end up with a state of exception. This essay offers a two-part response to this dilemma. First, it argues that the plenary power doctrine goes against the spirit of the U.S. Constitution, specifically the Fourteenth Amendment. Non-citizens, even undocumented immigrants, are entitled to more Constitutional protections than they currently enjoy. Second, since extending these protections is more consistent with the spirit of the Constitution, I argue that curtailing the federal government’s power over matters of immigration does not undermine its sovereignty, but promotes it. In short, with regard to immigration, it is a false but seductive dichotomy that constitutional democracies must choose between a state of nature and a state of exception. (shrink)

This essay argues that Latinx philosophers are not only already providing important and original contributions to standard open-borders debates, but also changing the very nature of the ethics of migration. In making this case, the essay is divided into two parts. The first summarizes some of the important and original contributions of Latinx philosophers to the standard open-borders debate. Among the highlights are Jorge M. Valadez’s “conditional legitimacy of states” argument; José-Antonio Orosco’s communitarian-based argument for a more liberalized admissions policy; (...) Javier S. Hidalgo’s claim that people have a moral right (and often an obligation) to disobey immigration laws; J. Angelo Corlett’s defense of immigration restrictions on grounds that such restrictions serve to protect Indigenous people’s sovereignty and rightful claims to territory; and Amy Reed-Sandoval’s freedom of movement argument based on the collective right of trans-border communities. The second section outlines four ways Latinx philosophers have pushed discussions within the ethics of migration beyond the standard open-borders debate. First, they have made persuasive arguments about why we ought to reject, or at least be suspicious of, approaches to migration justice that begin by assuming the legitimacy of states. Second, they argue that the issue of enforcement has been overlooked in standard open-borders debates. Third, they argue that philosophers must not avoid dealing with the social (as opposed to merely juridical) implications of labeling people “illegal” or “anchor babies.” Fourth, they show how current debates over the ethics of migration are too Euro- or Anglo-centric and therefore could benefit from the inclusion of non-European and non-Anglo voices. (shrink)

Page 1. Economics and Philosophy, 26 291--320 Copyright C Cambridge University Press doi: 10.1017 / S0266267110000386 TWO KINDS OF WE-REASONING RAUL HAKLI, KAARLO MILLER AND RAIMO TUOMELA University of Helsinki.

Ernest Sosa extends his distinctive approach to epistemology, intertwining issues concerning the role of the will in judgment and belief with issues of epistemic evaluation. Questions about skepticism and the nature of knowledge are at the forefront. The answers defended are new in their explicit and sustained focus on judgment and epistemic agency. While noting that human knowledge trades on distinctive psychological capacities, Sosa also emphasizes the role of the social in human knowledge. Basic animal knowledge is supplemented (...) by a level of reflective knowledge focused on judgment, and a level of 'knowing full well' that is distinctive of the animal that is rational. (shrink)

Ernest Sosa presents a new approach to the problems of knowledge and scepticism. He argues for two levels of knowledge, the animal and the reflective, each viewed as a distinctive human accomplishment. Sosa's virtue epistemology illuminates different varieties of scepticism, the nature and status of intuitions, and epistemic normativity.

I give an exposition and critical discussion of Sellars’s Myth of the Given, and especially of its epistemic side. In later writings Sellars takes a pragmatist turn in his epistemology. This is explored and compared with his earlier critique of givenist mythology. In response to Michael Williams, it is argued that these issues are importantly independent of philosophy of language or mind, and that my own take on them does not commit me to any absurd radical foundationalism on language or (...) mind. My own take is in line with Descartes’ two-level epistemology of cognitio and scientia, a bifurcation that protects him from vicious circularity, and is adaptable for an epistemology naturalized, whether in the way of Quine, or Moore, or Davidson. (shrink)

Following the levels of intentionality and semiosis distinguished by the Semiotic Hierarchy, and the distinction between original agency and enhanced agency, we propose a model of an agency hierarchy, consisting of six layers. Consistent with the phenomenological orientation of cognitive semiotics, a central claim is that agency and subjectivity are complementary aspects of intentionality. Hence, there is no agency without at least the minimal sense/feeling of agency. This perspective rules out all artefacts as genuine agents, as well as simple organisms, (...) since it is highly unlikely that e.g. bacteria have any first-person perspective. Using this model, we review and assess recent proposals on the nature of agency from cognitive science, and neuroscience, and draw conclusions on how to incorporate aspects of them within a synthetic cognitive-semiotic framework. (shrink)

In this concise book, one of the world's leading epistemologists provides a sophisticated, revisionist introduction to the problem of knowledge in Western philosophy. Modern and contemporary accounts of epistemology tend to focus on limited questions of knowledge and skepticism, such as how we can know the external world, other minds, the past through memory, the future through induction, or the world’s depth and structure through inference. This book steps back for a better view of the more general issues posed by (...) the ancient Greek Pyrrhonists. Returning to and illuminating this older, broader epistemological tradition, Ernest Sosa develops an original account of the subject, giving it substance not with Cartesian theology but with science and common sense. -/- Descartes is a part of this ancient tradition, but he goes beyond it by considering not just whether knowledge is possible at all but also how we can properly attain it. In Cartesian epistemology, Sosa finds a virtue-theoretic account, one that he extends beyond the Cartesian context. Once epistemology is viewed in this light, many of its problems can be solved or fall away. -/- The result is an important reevaluation of epistemology that will be essential reading for students and teachers. (shrink)

What makes a word bad? On the one hand, slurs and other derogatory language appear to be meaningful - different slurs can seem to refer to different groups, for example. On the other hand, slurs can seem to be just an arbitrary tool for insulting or enabling harm. How is the meaning of a slur related to its practical uses?